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Bombus terrestris
''Bombus terrestris'', the buff-tailed bumblebee or large earth bumblebee, is one of the most numerous bumblebee species in Europe. In addition, ''Bombus terrestris'' is the largest of the European bumblebee species. It is one of the main species used in greenhouse pollination, and consequently, can be found in many countries and areas where it is not native, such as Tasmania, for example. Moreover, it is a eusocial insect that is characterized by unique Hymenopteran sex ratios, where male drones dominate most colonies. The queen of ''B. terrestris'' is often highly dominant over her colony, and exhibits behaviors such as altering the sex ratio in her favor over the workers and controlling queen larval development with pheromones. However, after aggression breaks out in the nest, the workers can usually gain control of the nest and restart the colony cycle. The queen is monandrous and only mates with one male after leaving the nest, despite the potential genetic benefits from polyandrous mating. ''B. terrestris'' employs noticeable learning tactics using flower color and exhibits diverse foraging behaviors. This species has also been implicated in a number of bee pathology studies investigating bee parasites and viruses.
==Taxonomy and phylogenetics==
''B. terrestris'' is part of the order Hymenoptera, which is composed of ants, bees, wasps, and sawflies. The family Apidae specifically consists of bees. It is also part of the subfamily Apinae, which includes most species of bees. There are 14 tribe lineages within Apinae, and ''B. terrestris'' is in the bumblebee tribe, Bombini. It is in the genus ''Bombus'', which consists entirely of bumblebees, and the subgenus ''Bombus sensu stricto''. This subgenus contains closely related species such as ''Bombus affinis'', ''Bombus cryptarum'', ''Bombus franklini'', ''Bombus ignitus'', ''Bombus lucorum'', ''Bombus magnus'', ''Bombus occidentalis'', and ''Bombus terricola''. There are nine recognised subspecies: ''B. terrestris africanus, B. terrestris audax, B. terrestris calabricus, B. terrestris canariensis, B. terrestris dalmatinus, B. terrestris lusitanicus, B. terrestris sassaricus, B. terrestris terrestris and B. terrestris xanthopus,'' each with a distinctive colouration scheme.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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